GRAPH NAME TECHNOLOGY COMPANIES AND PLATFORMS *** ## NODE 1 NAME NOKIA DATE 1865 PLACE Finland - Tampere WHO Fredrik Idestam BRIEF DESCRIPTION Nokia begins as an industrial company in Finland and evolves over more than a century through electricity, electronics, telecommunications, and mobile communications. It later becomes one of the world's most influential mobile-phone and telecommunications infrastructure companies. LINK *** ## NODE 2 NAME ERICSSON DATE 1876 PLACE Sweden - Stockholm WHO Lars Magnus Ericsson BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ericsson begins as a telecommunications equipment workshop and grows into a major global supplier of telephone, mobile-network, and telecommunications infrastructure technologies. LINK *** ## NODE 3 NAME NINTENDO DATE 1889 PLACE Japan - Kyoto WHO Fusajiro Yamauchi BRIEF DESCRIPTION Nintendo begins as a playing-card company and later transforms into one of the world's most influential electronic entertainment companies. Its consoles and game franchises become fundamental parts of the global video-game industry. LINK *** ## NODE 4 NAME IBM DATE 1911-06-16 PLACE USA - New York WHO Charles Ranlett Flint BRIEF DESCRIPTION The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company is formed through the consolidation of several technology businesses. Renamed International Business Machines in 1924, IBM becomes one of the most influential companies in mainframes, computing hardware, software, databases, enterprise systems, and research. LINK *** ## NODE 5 NAME MOTOROLA DATE 1928 PLACE USA - Illinois - Chicago WHO Paul Galvin and Joseph Galvin BRIEF DESCRIPTION Motorola begins as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation and becomes an important developer of radio equipment, semiconductors, telecommunications systems, mobile phones, and wireless technologies. LINK *** ## NODE 6 NAME HP DATE 1939 PLACE USA - California - Palo Alto WHO William Hewlett and David Packard BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hewlett-Packard begins in a Palo Alto garage producing electronic test equipment. HP later becomes a major manufacturer of computers, printers, servers, scientific instruments, and enterprise technology and becomes strongly associated with the emergence of Silicon Valley. LINK *** ## NODE 7 NAME SONY DATE 1946 PLACE Japan - Tokyo WHO Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sony begins as Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation and grows into a major electronics and entertainment company. Its technologies span audio, television, cameras, computing, semiconductor sensors, music, film, and PlayStation gaming systems. LINK *** ## NODE 8 NAME TEXAS INSTRUMENTS DATE 1951 PLACE USA - Texas - Dallas WHO TEXAS INSTRUMENTS BRIEF DESCRIPTION Texas Instruments emerges as an electronics and semiconductor company and becomes a major developer of transistors, integrated circuits, calculators, digital signal processors, and embedded semiconductor technologies. LINK *** ## NODE 9 NAME INTEL DATE 1968-07-18 PLACE USA - California - Mountain View WHO Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore BRIEF DESCRIPTION Intel is founded to develop semiconductor memory and integrated circuits. The company later introduces commercially important microprocessors and becomes a central supplier of processors for personal computers, servers, and computing infrastructure. LINK *** ## NODE 10 NAME SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS DATE 1969 PLACE South Korea - Suwon WHO SAMSUNG BRIEF DESCRIPTION Samsung Electronics is established as part of the Samsung group. It evolves into one of the world's largest manufacturers of semiconductors, memory, displays, smartphones, televisions, storage systems, and consumer electronics. LINK *** ## NODE 11 NAME AMD DATE 1969 PLACE USA - California - Sunnyvale WHO Jerry Sanders and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Advanced Micro Devices is founded as a semiconductor company. AMD later becomes a major competitor in CPUs, GPUs, servers, gaming hardware, and high-performance computing. LINK *** ## NODE 12 NAME ATARI DATE 1972 PLACE USA - California - Sunnyvale WHO Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney BRIEF DESCRIPTION Atari is founded as an electronic entertainment company and becomes one of the pioneers of commercial arcade games and home video-game systems. Products such as Pong and the Atari 2600 help establish the early video-game industry. LINK *** ## NODE 13 NAME SAP DATE 1972 PLACE Germany WHO Dietmar Hopp and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Former IBM engineers establish SAP to develop standardized business software capable of processing enterprise information in real time. SAP becomes one of the largest suppliers of enterprise resource planning and corporate information systems. LINK *** ## NODE 14 NAME MICROSOFT DATE 1975-04-04 PLACE USA - New Mexico - Albuquerque WHO Bill Gates and Paul Allen BRIEF DESCRIPTION Microsoft is founded to develop software for emerging microcomputers. It later becomes dominant in personal-computer operating systems and productivity software and expands into cloud computing, gaming, enterprise systems, development tools, and artificial intelligence. LINK *** ## NODE 15 NAME APPLE DATE 1976-04-01 PLACE USA - California - Los Altos WHO Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne BRIEF DESCRIPTION Apple is founded to commercialize personal computers. It later develops the Macintosh, iPod, iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch, custom processors, operating systems, digital services, and a large integrated hardware and software ecosystem. LINK *** ## NODE 16 NAME ORACLE DATE 1977 PLACE USA - California WHO Larry Ellison, Bob Miner and Ed Oates BRIEF DESCRIPTION Software Development Laboratories is founded and begins developing commercial relational database technology. The company later becomes Oracle and grows into one of the largest suppliers of databases, enterprise software, cloud infrastructure, and business systems. LINK *** ## NODE 17 NAME ADOBE DATE 1982 PLACE USA - California WHO John Warnock and Charles Geschke BRIEF DESCRIPTION Adobe is founded to develop digital publishing technology. Products including PostScript, Illustrator, Photoshop, Acrobat, PDF, Premiere, and Creative Cloud make the company central to digital graphics, publishing, photography, video, and document workflows. LINK *** ## NODE 18 NAME SUN MICROSYSTEMS DATE 1982 PLACE USA - California WHO Scott McNealy, Vinod Khosla, Andy Bechtolsheim and Bill Joy BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sun Microsystems is founded around networked workstation technology. The company contributes important technologies including SPARC processors, Solaris, network-computing systems, servers, and Java before being acquired by Oracle. LINK *** ## NODE 19 NAME AUTODESK DATE 1982 PLACE USA - California WHO John Walker and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Autodesk is founded to develop software for computer-aided design. AutoCAD becomes one of the most influential digital design tools used in architecture, engineering, manufacturing, construction, and industrial design. LINK *** ## NODE 20 NAME MACINTOSH DATE 1984-01-24 PLACE USA - California - Cupertino WHO APPLE BRIEF DESCRIPTION Apple introduces the Macintosh as a mass-market personal computer centered on a graphical user interface, windows, icons, menus, typography, and mouse-based interaction. It significantly expands the commercial adoption of graphical computing. LINK *** ## NODE 21 NAME BLACKBERRY DATE 1984 PLACE Canada - Ontario - Waterloo WHO Mike Lazaridis and Douglas Fregin BRIEF DESCRIPTION Research In Motion is founded and later develops BlackBerry mobile devices and communication infrastructure. BlackBerry becomes particularly influential in secure mobile email and enterprise smartphones before touchscreen platforms transform the market. LINK *** ## NODE 22 NAME CISCO DATE 1984 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner BRIEF DESCRIPTION Cisco Systems is founded to develop networking equipment capable of connecting different computer networks. Routers, switches, security systems, and enterprise networking infrastructure make Cisco a central company in the commercial expansion of the Internet. LINK *** ## NODE 23 NAME DELL DATE 1984 PLACE USA - Texas - Austin WHO Michael Dell BRIEF DESCRIPTION Michael Dell establishes a personal-computer company based on selling customized systems directly to customers. Dell becomes one of the world's largest PC manufacturers and later expands into servers, storage, and enterprise infrastructure. LINK *** ## NODE 24 NAME QUALCOMM DATE 1985 PLACE USA - California - San Diego WHO Irwin Jacobs and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Qualcomm is founded to develop wireless communications technology. Its work in CDMA, cellular modems, patents, and Snapdragon processors makes the company a major supplier of technologies used in mobile devices and wireless networks. LINK *** ## NODE 25 NAME AOL DATE 1985 PLACE USA - Virginia WHO Steve Case and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION The company that becomes America Online develops consumer online services and later provides millions of users with Internet connectivity, email, messaging, news, and Web access. AOL becomes one of the defining consumer Internet brands of the 1990s. LINK *** ## NODE 26 NAME WINDOWS DATE 1985-11-20 PLACE USA - Washington WHO MICROSOFT BRIEF DESCRIPTION Microsoft releases the first version of Windows as a graphical environment for personal computers. Later versions become the dominant desktop operating environment across a large part of the global PC market. LINK *** ## NODE 27 NAME HUAWEI DATE 1987 PLACE China - Shenzhen WHO Ren Zhengfei BRIEF DESCRIPTION Huawei is founded as a telecommunications equipment company and expands into networking infrastructure, smartphones, enterprise systems, cloud computing, and semiconductor design. LINK *** ## NODE 28 NAME TSMC DATE 1987 PLACE Taiwan - Hsinchu WHO Morris Chang BRIEF DESCRIPTION Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company establishes the dedicated semiconductor foundry model, manufacturing chips designed by other companies. TSMC becomes a critical producer of advanced processors for computing, smartphones, graphics, data centers, and artificial intelligence. LINK *** ## NODE 29 NAME ARM DATE 1990 PLACE United Kingdom - England - Cambridge WHO ACORN COMPUTERS, APPLE AND VLSI TECHNOLOGY BRIEF DESCRIPTION Advanced RISC Machines is created to develop energy-efficient processor architectures derived from earlier Acorn designs. ARM architectures later dominate smartphones and embedded systems and increasingly expand into personal computers and data centers. LINK *** ## NODE 30 NAME NVIDIA DATE 1993 PLACE USA - California WHO Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky and Curtis Priem BRIEF DESCRIPTION NVIDIA is founded to develop graphics processors. Its GPU architecture later expands from graphics into massively parallel computing, scientific simulation, data centers, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. LINK *** ## NODE 31 NAME NETSCAPE DATE 1994 PLACE USA - California WHO Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark BRIEF DESCRIPTION Netscape Communications develops one of the most important early commercial Web browsers. Netscape Navigator helps bring the World Wide Web to a mass audience and plays a central role in the browser competition of the 1990s. LINK *** ## NODE 32 NAME YAHOO DATE 1994 PLACE USA - California - Stanford WHO Jerry Yang and David Filo BRIEF DESCRIPTION Jerry Yang and David Filo create a directory of websites that develops into Yahoo. Yahoo becomes one of the dominant early Internet portals through search, directories, news, finance, email, advertising, and other online services. LINK *** ## NODE 33 NAME AMAZON DATE 1994 PLACE USA - Washington WHO Jeff Bezos BRIEF DESCRIPTION Amazon begins as an online bookstore and rapidly expands into general electronic commerce. The company later develops global logistics infrastructure, consumer electronics, entertainment, artificial intelligence, and Amazon Web Services. LINK *** ## NODE 34 NAME EBAY DATE 1995 PLACE USA - California WHO Pierre Omidyar BRIEF DESCRIPTION The online marketplace initially known as AuctionWeb launches and later becomes eBay. It enables individuals and companies to buy and sell products through Internet-based auctions and fixed-price transactions. LINK *** ## NODE 35 NAME HOTMAIL DATE 1996-07-04 PLACE USA - California WHO Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hotmail launches as one of the earliest widely adopted Web-based email services. It allows users to access email independently of a specific Internet provider or local computer. Microsoft acquires Hotmail in 1997. LINK *** ## NODE 36 NAME ICQ DATE 1996 PLACE Israel WHO MIRABILIS BRIEF DESCRIPTION ICQ becomes one of the first widely adopted Internet instant-messaging systems. It popularizes real-time personal communication, contact lists, presence information, and direct messaging over the Internet. LINK *** ## NODE 37 NAME NETFLIX DATE 1997 PLACE USA - California WHO Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph BRIEF DESCRIPTION Netflix begins as a DVD rental service based on Internet ordering and postal delivery. It later transitions to streaming video and develops into a global entertainment platform based on digital distribution, recommendation systems, and original content. LINK *** ## NODE 38 NAME GOOGLE DATE 1998-09-04 PLACE USA - California WHO Larry Page and Sergey Brin BRIEF DESCRIPTION Google is incorporated around a search engine that ranks Web pages using relationships between links. The company expands into advertising, email, maps, browsers, mobile operating systems, cloud computing, video, productivity software, and artificial intelligence. LINK *** ## NODE 39 NAME TENCENT DATE 1998 PLACE China - Shenzhen WHO Pony Ma and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Tencent is founded as an Internet services company and develops messaging, gaming, social networking, payments, advertising, entertainment, and cloud platforms. Products such as QQ and WeChat make it one of the world's largest digital-platform companies. LINK *** ## NODE 40 NAME PAYPAL DATE 1998 PLACE USA - California WHO Max Levchin, Peter Thiel and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION The company that evolves into PayPal develops Internet-based systems for transferring money electronically. PayPal becomes one of the most important digital-payment platforms for electronic commerce. LINK *** ## NODE 41 NAME ALIBABA DATE 1999 PLACE China - Zhejiang - Hangzhou WHO Jack Ma and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Alibaba is founded as an Internet marketplace connecting businesses. It later expands into consumer commerce, cloud computing, digital payments, logistics, entertainment, and other online services. LINK *** ## NODE 42 NAME SALESFORCE DATE 1999 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Marc Benioff and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Salesforce is founded around delivering business software through the Internet instead of requiring traditional local installation. Its model becomes an important example of software as a service and cloud-based enterprise applications. LINK *** ## NODE 43 NAME NAPSTER DATE 1999 PLACE USA WHO Shawn Fanning and Sean Parker BRIEF DESCRIPTION Napster launches a peer-to-peer music-sharing service that allows users to discover and exchange digital audio files through the Internet. Its explosive adoption transforms debates around digital distribution, copyright, music consumption, and peer-to-peer networks. LINK *** ## NODE 44 NAME BAIDU DATE 2000 PLACE China - Beijing WHO Robin Li and Eric Xu BRIEF DESCRIPTION Baidu is founded as an Internet search company focused primarily on Chinese-language information. It grows into a major technology platform involving search, advertising, cloud infrastructure, mapping, autonomous systems, and artificial intelligence. LINK *** ## NODE 45 NAME WIKIPEDIA DATE 2001-01-15 PLACE USA WHO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger BRIEF DESCRIPTION Wikipedia launches as a collaboratively edited online encyclopedia. Its open contribution model creates one of the largest freely accessible collections of structured general knowledge on the Internet. LINK *** ## NODE 46 NAME SPACEX DATE 2002 PLACE USA - California WHO Elon Musk BRIEF DESCRIPTION SpaceX is founded to develop launch systems intended to reduce the cost of access to space. The company later develops Falcon rockets, Dragon spacecraft, reusable launch technology, Starlink satellite communications, and Starship. LINK *** ## NODE 47 NAME TESLA DATE 2003 PLACE USA - California WHO Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning BRIEF DESCRIPTION Tesla is founded to develop electric vehicles based on advanced battery systems, electric powertrains, and software-intensive vehicle architecture. The company later expands into energy storage, charging infrastructure, autonomous-driving research, and robotics. LINK *** ## NODE 48 NAME LINKEDIN DATE 2003-05-05 PLACE USA - California WHO Reid Hoffman and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION LinkedIn launches as an online professional-networking platform. It enables users to represent professional identities, connect with colleagues, recruit employees, publish content, and search for employment opportunities. LINK *** ## NODE 49 NAME MYSPACE DATE 2003 PLACE USA - California WHO Tom Anderson and Chris DeWolfe BRIEF DESCRIPTION MySpace launches as a social-networking service allowing users to create personalized profiles, connect with friends, share music, and communicate online. It becomes one of the world's most visited websites before Facebook overtakes it. LINK *** ## NODE 50 NAME SKYPE DATE 2003 PLACE Europe WHO Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis BRIEF DESCRIPTION Skype launches as an Internet communication application providing voice calls between computers. It later expands into video calling, messaging, and communication with traditional telephone networks. LINK *** ## NODE 51 NAME FACEBOOK DATE 2004-02-04 PLACE USA - Massachusetts - Cambridge WHO Mark Zuckerberg and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Facebook launches initially as a social network for Harvard students and later expands to universities and the general public. It develops into one of the largest social platforms in history and later becomes the central product of Meta Platforms. LINK *** ## NODE 52 NAME GMAIL DATE 2004-04-01 PLACE USA - California WHO GOOGLE BRIEF DESCRIPTION Google launches Gmail as a Web-based email service offering large storage capacity, powerful search, threaded conversations, and integration with Google's growing ecosystem of Internet services. LINK *** ## NODE 53 NAME FLICKR DATE 2004 PLACE Canada WHO LUDICORP BRIEF DESCRIPTION Flickr launches as an online photography platform focused on uploading, organizing, tagging, and sharing images. It becomes an influential early example of social media organized around user-generated visual content. LINK *** ## NODE 54 NAME YOUTUBE DATE 2005-02-14 PLACE USA - California WHO Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim BRIEF DESCRIPTION YouTube is founded as an Internet platform for uploading, viewing, and sharing video. It dramatically reduces barriers to online video publishing and distribution. Google acquires YouTube in 2006. LINK *** ## NODE 55 NAME REDDIT DATE 2005-06-23 PLACE USA - Massachusetts WHO Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian BRIEF DESCRIPTION Reddit launches as a community-driven platform where users submit links, discussions, images, and other content and vote on submissions. Its topic-specific communities develop into a major network for online discussion and culture. LINK *** ## NODE 56 NAME AMAZON WEB SERVICES DATE 2006 PLACE USA WHO AMAZON BRIEF DESCRIPTION Amazon Web Services develops cloud infrastructure that allows computing, storage, databases, and other technical resources to be rented through Internet services. AWS becomes one of the foundational platforms of modern cloud computing. LINK *** ## NODE 57 NAME SHOPIFY DATE 2006 PLACE Canada - Ontario - Ottawa WHO Tobias Lütke, Daniel Weinand and Scott Lake BRIEF DESCRIPTION Shopify develops a platform allowing businesses to create and operate online stores without building their own commerce infrastructure from scratch. It becomes a major global electronic-commerce software platform. LINK *** ## NODE 58 NAME TWITTER DATE 2006-03-21 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Jack Dorsey and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION The first message is published on the service that becomes Twitter. The platform develops around short public messages and real-time information distribution and becomes a major global communication network. LINK *** ## NODE 59 NAME DROPBOX DATE 2007 PLACE USA - California WHO Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowsi BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dropbox is created to synchronize files between computers through Internet-based storage. The service helps popularize consumer cloud storage and automatic synchronization across multiple devices. LINK *** ## NODE 60 NAME IPHONE DATE 2007-06-29 PLACE USA - California WHO APPLE BRIEF DESCRIPTION Apple releases the iPhone, integrating a touchscreen interface, mobile computing, Web access, multimedia, and later an application ecosystem into a single consumer device. The product transforms the smartphone industry and mobile software development. LINK *** ## NODE 61 NAME ANDROID DATE 2008 PLACE USA - California WHO GOOGLE AND OPEN HANDSET ALLIANCE BRIEF DESCRIPTION Android becomes commercially available as a mobile operating system designed for smartphones and other devices. Its open ecosystem and adoption by numerous manufacturers make it the most widely deployed mobile operating platform in the world. LINK *** ## NODE 62 NAME SPOTIFY DATE 2008-10-07 PLACE Sweden - Stockholm WHO Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon BRIEF DESCRIPTION Spotify launches a music-streaming service providing immediate access to a large online catalog. Its subscription and advertising models contribute significantly to the transition of music consumption from downloads and physical media toward streaming. LINK *** ## NODE 63 NAME GITHUB DATE 2008 PLACE USA - California WHO Tom Preston-Werner, Chris Wanstrath, P. J. Hyett and Scott Chacon BRIEF DESCRIPTION GitHub launches as an Internet platform for hosting Git repositories and coordinating software development. Pull requests, issue tracking, collaborative workflows, and public repositories make it one of the central platforms of open-source and professional software development. LINK *** ## NODE 64 NAME GOOGLE CHROME DATE 2008-09-02 PLACE USA - California WHO GOOGLE BRIEF DESCRIPTION Google releases Chrome as a Web browser focused on performance, security, standards, and a multiprocess architecture. Chrome later becomes one of the world's most widely used browsers. LINK *** ## NODE 65 NAME AIRBNB DATE 2008 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Brian Chesky, Joe Gebbia and Nathan Blecharczyk BRIEF DESCRIPTION Airbnb develops an Internet marketplace connecting people offering short-term accommodations with travelers. Its software platform becomes a major example of technology-mediated marketplaces connecting distributed suppliers and customers. LINK *** ## NODE 66 NAME CLOUDFLARE DATE 2009 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Matthew Prince, Michelle Zatlyn and Lee Holloway BRIEF DESCRIPTION Cloudflare is founded to provide Internet security, performance, content delivery, and network infrastructure services. Its global network later becomes an important layer for protecting and accelerating websites and Internet applications. LINK *** ## NODE 67 NAME UBER DATE 2009 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Garrett Camp and Travis Kalanick BRIEF DESCRIPTION Uber is established around a mobile platform connecting passengers with drivers through location-aware smartphones. The system combines mapping, mobile payments, real-time dispatch, and marketplace algorithms. LINK *** ## NODE 68 NAME WHATSAPP DATE 2009-02-24 PLACE USA - California WHO Jan Koum and Brian Acton BRIEF DESCRIPTION WhatsApp is founded as a mobile communication service and develops into a global messaging platform supporting text, images, voice, video, group communication, and end-to-end encrypted messaging. Facebook acquires the company in 2014. LINK *** ## NODE 69 NAME SQUARE DATE 2009 PLACE USA - California WHO Jack Dorsey and Jim McKelvey BRIEF DESCRIPTION Square develops hardware and software that allow businesses to accept card payments using mobile devices. The company expands into payment infrastructure and financial software and later becomes part of Block. LINK *** ## NODE 70 NAME XIAOMI DATE 2010-04-06 PLACE China - Beijing WHO Lei Jun and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Xiaomi is founded as a technology company combining smartphones, software, Internet services, consumer electronics, and connected devices. It grows into one of the largest smartphone and smart-device manufacturers. LINK *** ## NODE 71 NAME INSTAGRAM DATE 2010-10-06 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger BRIEF DESCRIPTION Instagram launches as a mobile application centered on sharing photographs through smartphones. It rapidly expands into video, stories, messaging, creators, commerce, and advertising. Facebook acquires Instagram in 2012. LINK *** ## NODE 72 NAME STRIPE DATE 2010 PLACE USA - California WHO Patrick Collison and John Collison BRIEF DESCRIPTION Stripe is founded to simplify the integration of Internet payments into websites and applications. Its developer-oriented APIs evolve into broader financial infrastructure supporting electronic commerce, subscriptions, billing, and online businesses. LINK *** ## NODE 73 NAME PINTEREST DATE 2010 PLACE USA - California WHO Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra and Evan Sharp BRIEF DESCRIPTION Pinterest launches as a visual discovery and bookmarking platform where users organize images and ideas into thematic collections. It develops into an important platform for visual search, inspiration, commerce, and advertising. LINK *** ## NODE 74 NAME DEEPMIND DATE 2010 PLACE United Kingdom - England - London WHO Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman BRIEF DESCRIPTION DeepMind is founded as an artificial intelligence research company focused on learning systems and general-purpose AI methods. It later develops influential systems including AlphaGo and becomes part of Google. LINK *** ## NODE 75 NAME MICROSOFT AZURE DATE 2010 PLACE USA WHO MICROSOFT BRIEF DESCRIPTION Microsoft launches Azure as a cloud-computing platform providing virtual machines, storage, databases, application services, developer infrastructure, analytics, and later artificial intelligence services. LINK *** ## NODE 76 NAME SNAPCHAT DATE 2011 PLACE USA - California WHO Evan Spiegel, Bobby Murphy and Reggie Brown BRIEF DESCRIPTION Snapchat develops a mobile social platform initially centered on photographs and messages designed to disappear after viewing. The service later expands into stories, augmented-reality lenses, video content, messaging, and advertising. LINK *** ## NODE 77 NAME ZOOM DATE 2011 PLACE USA - California - San Jose WHO Eric Yuan BRIEF DESCRIPTION Zoom is founded to develop Internet-based video conferencing with an emphasis on ease of use and scalable communication. The platform becomes globally prominent for remote work, education, meetings, and online events. LINK *** ## NODE 78 NAME TWITCH DATE 2011 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Justin Kan, Emmett Shear and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Twitch launches as a live-streaming platform focused particularly on gaming and interactive online communities. It becomes one of the largest live-video platforms and is later acquired by Amazon. LINK *** ## NODE 79 NAME BYTEDANCE DATE 2012 PLACE China - Beijing WHO Zhang Yiming and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION ByteDance is founded around algorithmically personalized content platforms. Its large-scale recommendation systems later support products including Toutiao, Douyin, and TikTok. LINK *** ## NODE 80 NAME TELEGRAM DATE 2013 PLACE Europe WHO Pavel Durov and Nikolai Durov BRIEF DESCRIPTION Telegram launches as a cloud-based messaging platform supporting private messages, groups, channels, bots, media distribution, and synchronized access across multiple devices. LINK *** ## NODE 81 NAME SLACK DATE 2013 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Stewart Butterfield and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Slack emerges as a workplace communication platform organized around persistent channels, messaging, search, file sharing, and software integrations. It becomes an important tool for digital collaboration and is later acquired by Salesforce. LINK *** ## NODE 82 NAME ALPHABET DATE 2015 PLACE USA - California WHO GOOGLE BRIEF DESCRIPTION Alphabet is created as a holding company above Google and several related technology businesses. The restructuring separates Google's primary Internet services from research and investment activities in other technological areas. LINK *** ## NODE 83 NAME DISCORD DATE 2015-05-13 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Jason Citron and Stan Vishnevskiy BRIEF DESCRIPTION Discord launches as a communication platform initially oriented toward gaming communities. It combines persistent communities with text, voice, video, streaming, and moderation systems and later expands toward broader online communities. LINK *** ## NODE 84 NAME OPENAI DATE 2015-12-11 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Sam Altman, Elon Musk, Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever, Wojciech Zaremba, John Schulman and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION OpenAI is founded as an artificial intelligence research organization. Its later work includes reinforcement learning systems, generative models, the GPT family of large language models, developer APIs, image-generation systems, and ChatGPT. LINK *** ## NODE 85 NAME TIKTOK DATE 2016 PLACE China - Beijing WHO BYTEDANCE BRIEF DESCRIPTION ByteDance develops a short-form video platform based on mobile creation tools and algorithmic recommendation. The service evolves internationally as TikTok and becomes one of the largest social-media platforms in the world. LINK *** ## NODE 86 NAME META DATE 2021-10-28 PLACE USA - California WHO FACEBOOK BRIEF DESCRIPTION Facebook announces that its corporate parent will operate under the name Meta Platforms. The company continues to control major platforms including Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Messenger while expanding investment in virtual reality, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and computing platforms. LINK *** ## NODE 87 NAME ANTHROPIC DATE 2021 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO Dario Amodei, Daniela Amodei and collaborators BRIEF DESCRIPTION Anthropic is founded as an artificial intelligence company focused on developing large-scale AI systems with particular emphasis on reliability, interpretability, and safety. It later develops the Claude family of language models. LINK *** ## NODE 88 NAME CHATGPT DATE 2022-11-30 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO OPENAI BRIEF DESCRIPTION OpenAI releases ChatGPT as a conversational interface for interacting with large language models through natural language. Its rapid global adoption significantly expands public awareness and everyday use of generative artificial intelligence. LINK *** ## NODE 89 NAME X DATE 2023 PLACE USA - California - San Francisco WHO X CORP. BRIEF DESCRIPTION Twitter is rebranded as X following its acquisition and corporate restructuring. The platform continues to operate as a global system for public messaging, news distribution, media, communities, and real-time conversation. LINK *** ## NODE 90 NAME THREADS DATE 2023-07-05 PLACE USA - California WHO META BRIEF DESCRIPTION Meta launches Threads as a text-oriented social platform connected to the Instagram ecosystem. The service is designed around public conversations, follower networks, and short-form text and media publishing. LINK