GRAPH NAME NETWORKS AND INTERNET *** ## NODE 1 NAME PACKET SWITCHING DATE 1961 PLACE USA - Massachusetts - Cambridge WHO Leonard Kleinrock BRIEF DESCRIPTION Early formal work on packet-based communication analyzes how information can be divided into units transmitted independently across a network. This principle allows communication links to be shared efficiently and becomes a mathematical and architectural foundation of later digital networks. LINK *** ## NODE 2 NAME FIRST WIDE AREA NETWORK DATE 1965 PLACE USA WHO Lawrence Roberts and Thomas Marill BRIEF DESCRIPTION An experiment connects geographically separated computers through a telephone line, demonstrating interactive communication between remote systems. The work reveals limitations of circuit switching and strengthens interest in packet-based network architectures. LINK *** ## NODE 3 NAME ARPANET DESIGN DATE 1967 PLACE USA WHO ARPA BRIEF DESCRIPTION The initial design of ARPANET is developed as a network intended to interconnect research centers and enable the sharing of computing resources. The architecture progressively adopts packet-switching principles. LINK *** ## NODE 4 NAME FIRST ARPANET NODE DATE 1969-09 PLACE USA - California - Los Angeles WHO UCLA BRIEF DESCRIPTION UCLA installs one of the first Interface Message Processors of ARPANET. These machines function as switching nodes between host computers and form the basic infrastructure of the new experimental network. LINK *** ## NODE 5 NAME FIRST ARPANET MESSAGE DATE 1969-10-29 PLACE USA - California - Los Angeles WHO UCLA AND SRI BRIEF DESCRIPTION ARPANET transmits a message between UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute. The initial attempt was intended to send the word LOGIN, but the connection failed after the first characters were transmitted. The event marks one of the earliest operational communications over ARPANET. LINK *** ## NODE 6 NAME NETWORK EMAIL DATE 1971 PLACE USA WHO Ray Tomlinson BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ray Tomlinson implements electronic mail between computers connected through ARPANET and adopts the @ symbol to separate the user name from the destination machine. Email rapidly becomes a fundamental application of computer networks. LINK *** ## NODE 7 NAME ETHERNET DATE 1973-05-22 PLACE USA - California - Palo Alto WHO Robert Metcalfe BRIEF DESCRIPTION Robert Metcalfe documents a local area network architecture called Ethernet at Xerox PARC. The technology allows multiple computers to share a communication medium and later evolves into one of the dominant standards for local area networks. LINK *** ## NODE 8 NAME TCP PROTOCOL DATE 1974-05 PLACE USA WHO Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn BRIEF DESCRIPTION Cerf and Kahn publish an architecture for interconnecting packet networks through a common protocol. The work establishes fundamental principles of internetworking and becomes a direct precursor to the TCP/IP protocol family. LINK *** ## NODE 9 NAME INTERNETWORKING DATE 1977-11-22 PLACE USA WHO DARPA BRIEF DESCRIPTION A demonstration interconnects networks using different technologies through internetworking protocols. The experiment shows that heterogeneous networks can operate as an integrated logical network through a common communication architecture. LINK *** ## NODE 10 NAME IPV4 DATE 1981-09 PLACE USA WHO Jon Postel BRIEF DESCRIPTION The Internet Protocol version 4 specification formalizes the addressing and routing of datagrams between networks. IPv4 becomes the predominant Internet-layer protocol during the global expansion of the Internet. LINK *** ## NODE 11 NAME TCP/IP ADOPTION DATE 1983-01-01 PLACE USA WHO ARPANET BRIEF DESCRIPTION ARPANET completes the transition from NCP to TCP/IP. The change establishes an interoperable architecture for connecting heterogeneous networks and represents a fundamental point in the technical formation of the Internet. LINK *** ## NODE 12 NAME DNS SYSTEM DATE 1983 PLACE USA WHO Paul Mockapetris BRIEF DESCRIPTION The Domain Name System introduces a distributed and hierarchical architecture for associating human-readable names with network information, including IP addresses. DNS replaces centralized mechanisms that became increasingly difficult to scale as the number of connected systems grew. LINK *** ## NODE 13 NAME NSFNET DATE 1986 PLACE USA WHO NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION BRIEF DESCRIPTION NSFNET establishes a network infrastructure connecting academic and supercomputing centers across the United States. Its expansion significantly increases connectivity and contributes to the transition from experimental networks toward a much broader Internet. LINK *** ## NODE 14 NAME BGP PROTOCOL DATE 1989 PLACE USA WHO IETF BRIEF DESCRIPTION The Border Gateway Protocol emerges to exchange routing information between autonomous systems. BGP allows independent organizations to determine routes across large network domains and becomes a fundamental component of global Internet routing. LINK *** ## NODE 15 NAME WEB PROPOSAL DATE 1989-03 PLACE Switzerland - Geneva WHO Tim Berners-Lee BRIEF DESCRIPTION Tim Berners-Lee presents a proposal at CERN for managing information through linked documents over a network. The project leads to the development of essential components of the World Wide Web, including HTTP, HTML, and mechanisms for identifying resources. LINK *** ## NODE 16 NAME FIRST WEB SERVER DATE 1990 PLACE Switzerland - Geneva WHO CERN BRIEF DESCRIPTION Tim Berners-Lee implements an HTTP server and a browser-editor at CERN for accessing documents through hypertext. These components establish a functional implementation of the initial World Wide Web architecture. LINK *** ## NODE 17 NAME PUBLIC WEB DATE 1991-08-06 PLACE Switzerland - Geneva WHO Tim Berners-Lee BRIEF DESCRIPTION Information about the World Wide Web project is made available to a broader community of Internet users. Public availability enables other institutions to install servers and develop clients compatible with the Web architecture. LINK *** ## NODE 18 NAME MOSAIC BROWSER DATE 1993 PLACE USA - Illinois - Urbana-Champaign WHO NCSA BRIEF DESCRIPTION NCSA Mosaic provides an accessible graphical interface for navigating Web documents and resources. Its availability contributes to expanding use of the World Wide Web beyond specialized technical communities. LINK *** ## NODE 19 NAME INTERNET COMMERCIALIZATION DATE 1995 PLACE USA WHO INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER COMMUNITY BRIEF DESCRIPTION The retirement of the NSFNET backbone as the primary infrastructure coincides with a transition toward commercially operated backbone networks. The Internet progressively changes from a predominantly academic and governmental infrastructure into a global network with commercial participation. LINK *** ## NODE 20 NAME IPV6 DATE 1995-12 PLACE USA WHO IETF BRIEF DESCRIPTION The first standard specification of IPv6 defines an address space considerably larger than IPv4 and modifies aspects of packet format and network configuration. Its development primarily responds to the scalability limitations of IPv4 addressing. LINK *** ## NODE 21 NAME IEEE 802.11 DATE 1997 PLACE USA WHO IEEE BRIEF DESCRIPTION IEEE publishes the 802.11 standard for wireless local area networks. The family of standards later evolves into Wi-Fi technologies used to connect computers and devices through radio-frequency communication. LINK *** ## NODE 22 NAME HTTP/1.1 DATE 1997-01 PLACE WHO IETF BRIEF DESCRIPTION HTTP/1.1 formalizes improvements for communication between Web clients and servers, including persistent connections, caching mechanisms, and more efficient request management. The version becomes a widely used foundation of Web infrastructure. LINK *** ## NODE 23 NAME TLS DATE 1999-01 PLACE WHO IETF BRIEF DESCRIPTION Transport Layer Security establishes a standardized protocol for providing confidentiality, integrity, and authentication in network communications. TLS later becomes the fundamental cryptographic mechanism used to protect HTTPS traffic. LINK *** ## NODE 24 NAME HTTP/2 DATE 2015-05 PLACE WHO IETF BRIEF DESCRIPTION HTTP/2 introduces multiplexing of multiple streams over a single connection, header compression, and a binary representation of the protocol. These techniques reduce several inefficiencies of HTTP/1.1 in modern Web applications. LINK *** ## NODE 25 NAME HTTP/3 DATE 2022-06 PLACE WHO IETF BRIEF DESCRIPTION HTTP/3 standardizes the use of HTTP over QUIC, a UDP-based transport protocol that integrates security and multiplexing mechanisms. Its architecture is designed to reduce connection-establishment latency and avoid certain blocking effects associated with TCP transport. LINK