GRAPH NAME COMPUTER SCIENCE *** ## NODE 1 NAME BOOLEAN ALGEBRA DATE 1854 PLACE United Kingdom - England - London WHO George Boole BRIEF DESCRIPTION George Boole publishes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought and develops an algebraic system for representing logical operations. Boolean algebra would later become a fundamental mathematical foundation for digital logic and the design of computational circuits. LINK *** ## NODE 2 NAME ANALYTICAL ENGINE DATE 1837 PLACE United Kingdom - England - London WHO Charles Babbage BRIEF DESCRIPTION Charles Babbage describes the Analytical Engine, a design for a programmable general-purpose mechanical computer. Its conceptual architecture included memory, a processing unit, control mechanisms, and input and output systems, anticipating fundamental components of later computers. LINK *** ## NODE 3 NAME FIRST PUBLISHED ALGORITHM DATE 1843 PLACE United Kingdom - England - London WHO Ada Lovelace BRIEF DESCRIPTION Ada Lovelace publishes notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine that include a procedure for calculating Bernoulli numbers. This procedure is historically regarded as one of the first published algorithms specifically designed to be executed by a machine. LINK *** ## NODE 4 NAME TURING MACHINE DATE 1936 PLACE United Kingdom - England WHO Alan Turing BRIEF DESCRIPTION Alan Turing formalizes an abstract mathematical model of computation based on a machine capable of manipulating symbols according to defined rules. The model provides a framework for studying algorithms, computability, and problems that cannot be solved by such machines. LINK *** ## NODE 5 NAME ELECTRONIC COMPUTING DATE 1946-02-14 PLACE USA - Pennsylvania - Philadelphia WHO John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert BRIEF DESCRIPTION ENIAC is publicly presented as a general-purpose electronic digital computer. Its construction demonstrates the feasibility of performing large numbers of operations using electronic circuits and represents an important stage in the transition from electromechanical devices to electronic computers. LINK *** ## NODE 6 NAME STORED-PROGRAM ARCHITECTURE DATE 1945 PLACE USA WHO John von Neumann BRIEF DESCRIPTION The report associated with the design of EDVAC describes an architecture in which instructions and data can be stored in memory. The stored-program concept becomes a central principle in the development of general-purpose digital computers. LINK *** ## NODE 7 NAME TRANSISTOR DATE 1947-12 PLACE USA - New Jersey - Murray Hill WHO BELL LABORATORIES BRIEF DESCRIPTION John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley participate in the early development of the transistor at Bell Laboratories. This technology enables the progressive replacement of vacuum tubes and contributes to the construction of smaller, more efficient, and more reliable electronic systems. LINK *** ## NODE 8 NAME INFORMATION THEORY DATE 1948 PLACE USA WHO Claude Shannon BRIEF DESCRIPTION Claude Shannon establishes a mathematical framework for quantifying information and analyzing its transmission through communication channels. Concepts such as the bit, entropy, and channel capacity receive a mathematical formulation fundamental to computing and digital communications. LINK *** ## NODE 9 NAME ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DATE 1956 PLACE USA - New Hampshire - Hanover WHO John McCarthy BRIEF DESCRIPTION The Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence consolidates the term artificial intelligence as the name of a research field. The program proposes the formal study of learning, reasoning, and other processes associated with intelligent behavior in machines. LINK *** ## NODE 10 NAME INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DATE 1958 PLACE USA - Texas - Dallas WHO Jack Kilby BRIEF DESCRIPTION Jack Kilby demonstrates an electronic circuit whose components are integrated onto the same semiconductor material. The development of integrated circuits enables progressively higher component density and establishes a technological foundation for modern computing. LINK *** ## NODE 11 NAME ARPANET DATE 1969-10-29 PLACE USA - California WHO ARPA BRIEF DESCRIPTION ARPANET establishes communication between computers at UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute using packet switching. The network becomes a direct technical predecessor of the Internet and an experimental environment for protocols and distributed systems. LINK *** ## NODE 12 NAME UNIX DATE 1969 PLACE USA - New Jersey WHO Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie BRIEF DESCRIPTION Unix begins development at Bell Labs as a multitasking and multiuser operating system. Its architecture, tools, and later relationship with the C programming language have an extensive influence on operating systems, software engineering, and subsequent computing systems. LINK *** ## NODE 13 NAME MICROPROCESSOR DATE 1971-11-15 PLACE USA - California - Santa Clara WHO INTEL BRIEF DESCRIPTION Intel commercially introduces the 4004, a microprocessor that integrates a central processing unit into an integrated circuit. This integration contributes to the subsequent development of microcomputers, embedded systems, and personal computing. LINK *** ## NODE 14 NAME TCP/IP DATE 1983-01-01 PLACE USA WHO ARPANET BRIEF DESCRIPTION ARPANET adopts TCP/IP as its fundamental protocol suite for interconnecting networks. The architecture enables communication between heterogeneous systems and establishes an essential technical foundation for the subsequent expansion of the Internet. LINK *** ## NODE 15 NAME WORLD WIDE WEB DATE 1989 PLACE Switzerland - Geneva WHO Tim Berners-Lee BRIEF DESCRIPTION Tim Berners-Lee proposes a distributed information system based on hypertext at CERN. The work leads to the development of fundamental Web technologies, including HTTP, HTML, and the identifiers used to locate resources. LINK *** ## NODE 16 NAME DEEP LEARNING DATE 2006 PLACE Canada - Ontario - Toronto WHO Geoffrey Hinton BRIEF DESCRIPTION Research on deep neural networks and layer-wise training procedures contributes to renewed interest in deep architectures. Deep learning subsequently advances through large datasets, computational acceleration, and new optimization methods. LINK *** ## NODE 17 NAME TRANSFORMERS DATE 2017 PLACE USA WHO GOOGLE BRIEF DESCRIPTION The Transformer architecture introduces a model based primarily on attention mechanisms, reducing dependence on recurrence for sequence modeling. Transformers subsequently become a central architecture for natural language processing and generative models. LINK